History - The Life of Julius Caesar - The Rise and Fall of a Roman Colossus
Early Life of Gaius Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar was born on or around July 13, 100 B.C., to his father, also named Gaius Julius Caesar, and his mother Aurelia Cotta. He was also the nephew of the famous Roman general Gaius Marius.Caesar traced his bloodline to the origins of Rome and claimed to be a descendant of the goddess Venus through the Trojan prince Aeneas and his son Iulus.
After his father died suddenly in 85 B.C., Caesar became head of his family at age 16 — right in the middle of a civil war between his uncle Marius and the Roman ruler Lucius Cornelius Sulla. In 84 B.C., he married Cornelia, the daughter of an ally of Marius. Caesar and Cornelia had one child, a daughter named Julia.
In 82 B.C., Sulla won the civil war and ordered Caesar to divorce Cornelia. Caesar refused and went into hiding. His family intervened and convinced Sulla to spare Caesar’s life; however, Sulla stripped Caesar of his inheritance.
Despite the reprieve, Caesar left Rome, joined the army and earned the prestigious Civic Crown for his courage at the Siege of Mytilene in 80 B.C. After Sulla’s death in 78 B.C., Caesar returned to Rome and became a successful prosecutor widely known for his oratory skills.
Pirates Capture Caesar
In 75 B.C., as he crossed the Aegean Sea in route to Rhodes to study philosophy and oratory, murderous pirates captured Caesar. Reportedly, Caesar acted more like a domineering leader with the pirates than their captive.After his ransom was paid, the pirates let him go. But Caesar hired a private fleet to hunt them down and had the pirates crucified for their crimes.
Political Rise
Caesar soon began his political career in earnest. He became military tribune and then quaestor of a Roman province in 69 B.C., the same year his wife Cornelia died. In 67 B.C., he married Pompeia, a granddaughter of Sulla and relative of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great), with whom he formed an important alliance.In 65 B.C., Caesar became aedile — an important Roman magistrate — and produced lavish games in the Circus Maximus which endeared him to the public but threw him heavily into debt. Two years later, he was elected Pontifex Maximus.
Caesar divorced Pompeia in 62 B.C. after a politician incited a major scandal by disguising himself as a woman and making his way into a sacred women’s festival hosted by Pompeia.
The First Triumvirate
One year later, Caesar became governor of Spain. A series of successful military and political maneuvers, along with the support of Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus (known as the richest man in Rome), helped Caesar get elected as senior Roman consul in 59 B.C.Caesar, Crassus and Pompey soon formed an informal alliance (strengthened by the marriage of Caesar’s daughter Julia to Pompey) known as the First Triumvirate. The union terrified the Roman Senate who knew that a partnership between three such powerful men would prove unstoppable. They were right, and the triumvirate soon controlled Rome.
Caesar in Gaul
Caesar was appointed governor of the vast region of Gaul (north-central Europe) in 58 B.C., where he commanded a large army. During the subsequent Gallic Wars, Caesar conducted a series of brilliant campaigns to conquer and stabilize the region, earning a reputation as a formidable and ruthless military leader.Caesar built a bridge across the Rhine River into Germanic territories and crossed the English Channel into Britain. But his great successes in the region caused Pompey to resent him and complicated the already-strained relationship between Pompey and Crassus.
As Caesar conquered Gaul, the political situation in Rome became increasingly volatile, with Pompey its lone consul. After the deaths of Pompey’s wife (and Caesar’s daughter) Julia in 54 B.C. and Crassus in 53 B.C., Pompey aligned with Caesar’s opponents and ordered him to give up his army and return to Rome.
Caesar refused and, in a bold and decisive maneuver, directed his army to cross the Rubicon River into Italy, triggering a civil war between his supporters and those of Pompey. Caesar and his armies pursued Pompey to Spain, Greece and, finally, Egypt.
Julius Caesar and Cleopatra
Hoping to prevent Caesar from invading Egypt, the child pharaoh Ptolemy VIII had Pompey killed on September 28, 48 B.C. When Caesar entered Egypt, Ptolemy gifted him Pompey’s severed head.Caesar soon found himself in the middle of a civil war between Ptolemy and his Egyptian co-regent Cleopatra. Caesar became her lover and partnered with her to overthrow Ptolemy and make her ruler of Egypt. The pair never married but their long-term affair produced a son, Ptolemy XV Caesar, known as Caesarion.
Dictatorship
Caesar spent the next few years wiping out his enemies and what remained of Pompey’s supporters in the Middle East, Africa and Spain.In 46 B.C. he was made dictator of Rome for ten years, outraging his political opponents and setting the stage for the eventual end of the Roman Republic. Caesar began making several drastic reforms to benefit Rome’s lower- and middle-class, including:regulating the distribution of subsidized grain
increasing the size of the Senate to represent more people
reducing government debt
supporting military veterans
granting Roman citizenship to people in Rome's far-flung territories
reforming the Roman tax codes
creating the Julian calendar
Julius Caesar Quotes
Many people still consider Caesar a great leader with keen insights into human nature. Over the centuries, many of his words have become famous quotes, such as:
- “I came, I saw, I conquered.”
- “Caesar’s wife must be above suspicion.”
- “The die has been cast.”
- “If I fail, it is only because I have too much pride and ambition.”
- “In the end, it is impossible to become what others believe you are.”
- “As a rule, men worry more about what they can’t see than about what they can.”
- “No one is so brave that he is not disturbed by something unexpected.”
- “The evil that men do lives after them; the good is oft interred with their bones.”
- “There are no tricks in plain and simple faith.”
- “Which death is preferable to every other? The unexpected.”
Assassination
On the Ides of March (March 15, 44 B.C.), the senators, led by Gaius Cassius Longinus, Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus and Marcus Junius Brutus, stabbed Caesar 23 times, ending both his reign and his life as he fell bleeding onto the Senate floor at the feet of a statue of Pompey.
Caesar’s assassination at age 55 made him a martyr and incited a cycle of civil wars resulting in the downfall of the Roman Republic and the rise to power of his grandnephew and heir Gaius Octavius (Octavian) — later known as Augustus Caesar — to emperor of the Roman Empire.
Caesar Julius
Zavraždění Gaia Julia Caesara
S Caesarovou vládou, posílenou jeho mimořádnými pravomocemi, začali být římští občané brzy nespokojení. Caesar se už nestaral tolik o lid, spíše si velkými dary získával aristokraty. Jeho odpůrci mu především vytýkali kroky proti republice.
Zrušil a pozměnil některá republiková ustanovení, nechával se veřejně oslavovat (svátky a oběti na jeho počest). Přijal titul Otce vlasti= Pater Patrie, 15. února roku 44 př. Kr. mu byla dokonce nabídnuta královská koruna. To Římané zvyklí už po staletí na republikánské zřízení těžce nesli. Odpor zesílil zvláště ve chvíli, kdy se Caesar připravoval na tažení proti Parthům. Lidé si podle věštby tuto výpravu vykládali tak, že chce válčit s Parthy, aby měl důvod nechat se prohlásit za krále. To uspíšilo spiknutí republikánské šlechty, která očekávala pomoc nespokojeného lidu. Do svého čela si spiklenci zvolili Marka Junia Bruta (jeden z jeho předků podle pověsti tasil jako první meč proti Tarquiniovi Superbovi, poslednímu králi Říma). Při občanské válce podporoval sice Pompeiovce, po jejím skončení mu však Caesar odpustil, prokazoval mu velkou pozornost a velmi mu důvěřoval. Dokonce ho považoval za svého přítele. Proto mu udělil úřad městského prétora.
Spiklenci naplánovali vraždu na 15. března 44 př. Kr. . Předpokládali, že bude zasedání senátu, kde se bude projednávat zvolení krále a Caesar bude jistě přítomen. Pak sice vznikly jisté obavy, protože Caesar byl v předvečer na hostině a necítil se dobře, ale i přes manželčino přemlouvání (zdálo se jí, že ho zabijí) se dostavil. Pozdější historici doplnili řadu dalších znamení: koně, s nimiž překročil Rubicon, slzeli, střízlíka (toho Římané považovali za krále ptáků) roztrhali jeho druhové. Spiklenci čekali v budově curie (budovy senátu) připraveni, na pomoc měli i oddíl gladiátorů a otroků. Obávali se, aby nebyli odhaleni. Dokázali by i spáchat sebevraždu, kdyby padli do Caesarových rukou. |
Caesar sice předem dostal lísteček s podrobnou informací o chystané vraždě, ale nečetl jej, protože by ještě více zdržoval jednání senátu. Usedl do svého křesla pod Pompeiovou sochou. Nyní se spiklenci rozhodli jednat. Přistoupil k němu senátor Cimber a prosil za bratra vypovězeného z Říma. Ostatní se seskupili okolo, líbali Caesarovu hruď i hlavu. Caesar se udiven zvedl. Cimber uchopil jeho tógu a tím dal znamení. Cassius stojící za Caesarem vytáhl meč a bodl jej Caesarovi do ramene, hned na to se všichni spiklenci na Caesara vrhli. Caesar se bránil ze všech sil, i když jeho jedinou zbraní bylo pisátko. Když Caesar spatřil Bruta, jehož považoval za přítele, zvolal prý řecky: “ I ty, můj synu? ” a potom se přestal bránit, zahalil si hlavu tógou a padl na zem. Spiklenci mu zasazovali rány tak zuřivě, až se zraňovali i navzájem. Caesar utržil 23 ran (jednu od každého spiklence), z toho 2 byly smrtelné. Zemřel pod sochou svého nepřítele Pompeia. |
Brutus chtěl vystoupit před senátory, ale ti hrůzou utekli. Druhého dne přednesl řeč o smrti tyrana a opětovném nastolení republiky na lidovém shromáždění, avšak bez ohlasu. Lid nechtěl podporovat nenáviděnou moc senátu. V té době už byl zcela pod vlivem Caesarova přítele Marca Antonia. Ten jeho zohavenou mrtvolu ukázal lidu římskému a obratnou řečí si ho naklonil na svoji stranu. Navíc přečetl nahlas Caesarovu poslední vůli, v níž odkazoval lidu velkou sumu peněz a navíc pozemky pro zřízení parků. Zfanatizovaný dav vtrhl do curie, vytrhal veškeré zařízení a postavil z něho pohřební hranici. Aby byla ještě větší, házeli do ní přítomní své cennosti. Osud spiklenců byl zpečetěn.
Caesarova památka žije dodnes. Na Foru Romanu jsou zachovány zbytky chrámu, v němž byl pohřben jeho popel, v kalendáři je na jeho počest dodnes pojmenován měsíc červenec (July) a jeho jméno se stalo v podobě císař, Kaiser a car i světským titulem.
The third of Rome’s emperors, Caligula (formally known as Gaius) achieved feats of waste and carnage during his four-year reign (A.D. 37-41) unmatched even by his infamous nephew Nero. The son of a great military leader, he escaped family intrigues to take the throne, but his personal and fiscal excesses led him to be the first Roman emperor to be assassinated.